Study suggests low-carb diet tied to heart rhythm disorder

People getting a low proportion of their daily calories from carbohydrates such as grains, fruits, and starchy vegetables are significantly more likely to develop atrial fibrillation (AFib), the most common heart rhythm disorder, according to a study being presented at the American College of Cardiology's 68th Annual Scientific Session and announced by the organization earlier today.

The study analyzed the health records of nearly 14,000 people spanning more than two decades. Researchers drew data from Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), a study overseen by the National Institutes of Health that ran from 1985-2016. Of the study participants who did not have AFib when they enrolled in the study, researchers identified nearly 1,900 participants who were subsequently diagnosed with AFib during an average of 22 years of follow-up.

Study participants were asked to report their daily intake of 66 different food items in a questionnaire. The researchers used this information along with the Harvard Nutrient Database to estimate each participant's daily carbohydrate intake and the proportion of daily calories that came from carbohydrates. On average, carbohydrates comprised about half of calories consumed.

Researchers then divided participants into three groups representing low, moderate, and high carbohydrate intake, reflecting diets in which carbohydrates made up less than 44.8 percent of daily calories, 44.8 to 52.4 percent of calories, and more than 52.4 percent of calories, respectively.

Participants reporting low carbohydrate intake were the most likely to develop AFib, according to researchers. These participants were 18 percent more likely to develop AFib than those with moderate carbohydrate intake and 16 percent more likely to develop AFib than those with high carbohydrate intake.

Restricting carbohydrates has become a popular weight loss strategy. While there are many different low-carbohydrate diets, including ketogenic and Paleo, most emphasize proteins while limiting intake of sugars, grains, legumes, fruits, and starchy vegetables.

"The long-term effect of carbohydrate restriction is still controversial, especially with regard to its influence on cardiovascular disease," said Xiaodong Zhuang, MD, PhD, a cardiologist and the study's lead author, in a statement released by the ACC. "Considering the potential influence on arrhythmia, our study suggests this popular weight control method should be recommended cautiously."

The findings complement previous studies, several of which have associated both low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets with an increased risk of death. However, while previous studies suggested the nature of the non-carbohydrate component of the diet influenced the overall pattern observed, the new study did not. Low carbohydrate diets were associated with increased risk of incident AFib regardless of the type of protein or fat used to replace the carbohydrate, Zhuang said.

Several potential mechanisms could explain why restricting carbohydrates might lead to AFib, Zhuang said. One is that people eating a low-carbohydrate diet tend to eat fewer vegetables, fruits, and grains, which are known to reduce inflammation. Without these foods people may experience more inflammation, which has been linked with AFib.

Another possible explanation is that eating more protein and fat in lieu of carbohydrate-rich foods may lead to oxidative stress, which has also been associated with AFib. Finally, the effect could be related to an increased risk of other forms of cardiovascular disease.

The study did not track participants with asymptomatic AFib, or those who had AFib but were never admitted to a hospital. In addition, it did not investigate different subtypes of AFib, so it is unknown whether patients were more likely to have occasional episodes of arrhythmia or persistent AFib. The study did not account for any changes in diet that participants may have experienced after completing the questionnaire.

Zhuang said that while the research shows an association, it does not prove cause and effect. A randomized controlled trial would be needed to confirm the relationship between carbohydrate intake and AFib and assess the effect in a more ethnically diverse population.